torsdag 19 december 2013

Final blog post - Commenting on other blogs

Hello!
Below you will find all the comments and their respective blog that I have found interest in commenting throughout the course.

The list is formated like this:


Theme #

Name of blog owner
Blog link
My comment on that blog

Note: After all My comments I will post the answers that I've written to comments given to me.


My blog comments

Theme #1

Johan Storvall
http://dm2572-glass.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme1-theory-of-science.html
I think you make a clear and concise interpretation of what sense-data is. For me, it wasn't that clear at all in the beginning. To get another perspective on it I found this paper from 1953 by G.E. Moore to be quite fulfilling in describing sense-data to me :)Check it out: G.E. Moore ”Sense-data - Some Main Problems of Philosophy”, 1953, Londonhttp://selfpace.uconn.edu/class/percep/MooreSenseData.pdf

Amanda Glass
http://dm2572-glass.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme1-theory-of-science.html
When you state that Russel is critical and goes so far as to say that it is self-contradictory that every object is a part of a bigger "whole". What do think he means when he says it is self-contradictory? Do you share his belief about things that "whatever has relations to things outside itself must contain some reference to those outside things in its own nature, and could not, therefore, be what it is if those outside things did not exist"?

Gustav Boström
http://dm2572-teorimetod.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-1.html
Although propositions are accepted by the large mass as somewhat of a "truth", Russel, as you state, believes Barkleys view on the matter is fallacious. Do you agree with him? For me at least "what is inconceivable cannot exist“ kind of falls upon itself since what is conceivable by be, could in fact be inconceivable by others, not because I bestow some rare power. But rather because I may have more knowledge about a specific concept and thus, I can conceive it. Do you agree with me?

Carl Ahrsjö
http://ahrsjo-tmm13.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-1-theory-of-science-pre-reflection_8.html
You talk about definite description and how it can help us to refer to things to which we have yet to experienced sense-data from. I believe that this could be a fundamental part of how we, Humans, can talk about things we yet do not know anything about, to ponder about things that might and might not exist. Could it be this concept of thought that separates us from other living organisms? Do you agree with me?

Marit Aldén
http://maritalden.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-1-theory-of-science.html
Regarding your explanation on knowledge (question 4). Do you believe that there is a lack of critical thinking in todays society? Should we be more alert in regards to the truth of certain "knowledges"? Russel talks about probable opinion as the case when someone bases their beliefs in wrongly based facts. That seems to be the case a lot today. People are just plain wrong in their beliefs and knowledge. But who should be the one who tells them they are wrong if they don't believe you? In that case, your belief could be just as wrong (if seen from the other persons perspective).

Ekaterina Karpukhina
http://ekaterina-karpukhina.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-1-theory-of-science.html
To continue on the same theme that E. Sakharova posted. Couldn't propositions and facts be determined as true or false if we were to compare the two with someone who undoubtedly had knowledge from acquaintance of said "object" or entity? But then again, how can we verify that he/she really has that relation to that object?

Just to give an example, there are people who still deny (in my opinion) obvious facts about the history of man, such as: we have been to the moon, the holocaust took place, the climate is changing for the worse. No matter how strong the facts are, they can, and will be regarded as false by someone.

Jakob Florell
http://dm2572-jakob.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-1-theory-of-science.html
On the last note you made in answer 4 you take the example given by Hegel. The bottom line being that what was previously thought of as a falsification of a fact (the time and space continuum) was later proven to be contradictory of "certain prejudice", compared to self-contradictory. Talking about prejudice in particular, It is my firm belief that prejudice is the very foundation on which we make our falsifications in the first place. We make sense of things that are conceivable by our minds, anything else would be irrational. My point is this: couldn't most cases of these philosophical discussions have several answers depending solely on your way of reasoning and prejudices used?

Alexandros Sombo
http://dm2572-sombo.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-1-theory-of-science.html
In regard to your answer in question 4, do you believe that there should be more to it than just knowledge seen as true belief.? What about false knowledge? Russel talks about this and refers to it as "probable opinion", meaning that your proposal could based on false facts (i.e. you're wrong).

Martin Johansson
http://dm2572-martin.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-1-theory-of-science.html
In regards to your answer on question 3. Remember that the ambiguous description can be very descriptive, even more descriptive than that of the definite description. The difference is though that the definite description is precis to what specific entity in the universe we are describing. Something that both you and I know is the same object.

Anton Warnhag
http://antonwarnhag-tmm.blogspot.se/2013/11/seminarie-1-problems-of-philosophy.html
Regarding your sum up of Russels attack in the last question: Do you agree with him stating that the assumption is based on wrong way of reasoning? He, as you state, says that there is no logical issue regarding the infinity of time and space. But should there also be some other point of view to take into account when pondering about such complex relations than just "logical"?


Theme #2

Malin Westerlind
http://malwes.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-2-critical-media-theory.html
I like the critique you pose on H. and A. view on culture industry and state that you actually think it is the opposite: That we, the people actually can make ourselves heard. "... in the kingdom of social media everyone has a voice", I truly believe this as well. But then again, don't Twitter and Facebook actually have the control in the long run? They can (FB), and it can be confirmed, that they actually have implemented a filter bubble to "tone down" strong political views. Those people don't really have a voice. So we actually have to play by their rules if we want to use that medium.

Hannah Fahd
http://hannah-fahd.blogspot.se/2013/11/1.html
I really like the part in the last question about the "people as marionette dolls". I think I even made this connection myself during the seminar. I myself think of the society this way when it becomes quite obvious their services aren't really free. They offer product "a" but demand "b" about us. Are we actually paying for free internet services with a currency based on integrity?

On a funny side note, since you mentioned movies as an example of this "puppeteering": watch the movie "Gamer" :) It is about a future reality in which traditional computer games play, and actually control, prison inmates on death row, deciding all their moves. Kind of an extreme scenario but a more "light" parallell can be drawn to the society today in some sense.

Edvard Ahlsén
http://edvardtmm13.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-2-post-reflection.html
Even though you really state that both the authors and you aren't optimistic. Don't you have reason to be? Even if we all are "doomed", how do we know that the future only entails a black age of enlightenment? What if it all ends with a singularity in terms of "peak integrity exposure" and the big companies change course and don't exploit us as much. Is it a possibility?

Havva Göcmenoglu
http://havvag.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-2-critical-media-studies.html
I share you interpretation of mass deception as a "force", I even went so far as to say that this force acts like a "puppet master" to the people. It sounds kind of harsh but I firmly believe that this force can have this effect on people in some sense. I mean, not that long ago, let's say, 50 years, It was rare to have electronic gadgets as a part of your everyday life. And in my opinion, this need for technologic advancement is both for good and bad. We are made to believe that we might need it, but aren't we sometimes better of without it?

Johannes Hörnfeldt Nordström
http://dm2572-tmm13.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-2.html
I like you comments on the pseudo-individuality and I think it is good for people to make this reflection every now and then to take a step back and reflect if their choices really are "theirs". You could argue that the pseudo-choices are harmless if it still makes the individual happy and feel like they choose for themselves. I mean, you only get upset about things you didn't know about After you got told about the "reality". Before the truth you might have lived happy anyway. Ignorance is bliss indeed.


Theme #3
Johan Gårdstedt
http://dm2572understandingtheories.blogspot.se/2013/11/new-media-society-publishes-key.html
Even though you state that there weren't any obvious benefits and/or limitations to the used theories in your selected papers. Did you find any pros and/or cons yourself? I found some myself while readin My paper, although they weren't explicitly stated by the authors.

Zahra
http://tmm13z.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-3-research-and-theory-reflections.html
I liked reading your reflection and I think it's nice to see that so many people actually found this theme useful for personal gain, me included. You said that "I think I'm more critical now when reading a paper and I'm also able to more effectively recognize good theory from no good theory.", do you feel like you changed your mind about the paper you chose, previous to this reflection. Would your post reflection be different in someway?

Filip Erlandsson
http://filip-erlandsson-dm2572.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-3-research-and-theory-reflection.html
I think you made a good point during your seminar sessions: "In the end we thought it was important that a theory was tested, not only accepted by the greater majority", I totally agree with this since a lot of people could, in theory, be deceived to believe something that just isn't true. Their belief would still not make their theory correct if it can't be confirmed by a test of some sort.

Carl Ahrsjö
http://ahrsjo-tmm13.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-3-reflection.html
I just came to think of another comment I made on Filip Erlandsson when you said that "In order for a theory to become generalized (which we concluded is a necessity for strong theory) the common belief in a society has to be that it is in fact valid.", I agree with you but with the addition of it being tested to be true as well. If a big group of people believe something to be true doesn't suffice to make it a true theory, they could all be wrong, right? (Even if it is not that probable).

Axel Hammarbäck
http://hammarback2572.blogspot.se/2013/11/week-3-research-and-theory-post.html
I liked you post, especially the last paragraph since it encapsulates mostly what I came to conclude myself: "can we really have something that is absolute truth, a fact?". I mean, even if the "experts" in the field say so, who are they to say what is a fact and not? I mean, everyone can be wrong, even the experts. I would say that That is a fact. So when I read your revised definition I was rather please. All it means is that "the experts" also believe it to be true, nothing more.


Theme #4

Zahra
http://tmm13z.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-4-quantitative-research.html
I agree with you when you say that every survey, especially of this size, must be thoroughly prepared. Probably by a lot of pilot studies to find bad formulated questions etc. About the unawareness of security settings on social platforms, did the authors say anything about this being a big issue today in general?

Aron Janarv
http://aronsmediamethod.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-4-quantitative-research.html
I liked the part of the surveys needing a "common ground" for the people taking the survey to viable in a quantitative research. Of course it is easily understood that you need serious answers for a survey to deliver accurate results, and in the end, the opinion of the average individual. I haven't really reflected upon this before but it totally makes sense, maybe there should be more general advice in this area for surveys to actually take the correct measurements in order to be good at all?

Jakob
http://dm2572-jakob.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-4-quantitative-research.html
I agree with your point, as well as Zahra's then it comes to surveys and to actually base the findings of a research on a subjective feeling of an individual. Aron Janarv actually took this up in his blog and the general problem about surveys being inaccurate. In this case, it could actually be quite bad since when it comes to deceases and such, people tend to "feel" a lot. What this could mean for the research is that the result from the survey is exaggerated. Do you two agree?

Kristoffer Ljung
http://kljun.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-4-questions.html
I noted this as well. Seems strange to me. A question to you Kristoffer: Did they say anything about this in the paper? I mean, did they discuss that the participants mainly consisted of students and not the group of people they wanted to make research on in the first place?

The could've made a twist and talk about the students in this case since the actually can say something about them with more confidence (since backed up by their findings).

Anton Warnhag
http://antonwarnhag-tmm.blogspot.se/2013/11/theme-4.html
I think I weigh in on Jennys comment here. It is mostly true that a quantitative research benefits from large amounts of data since the questions asked (see Jennys comment on this) is based on statistical analysis. And we all know statistics love large amounts of data. With that being said I still do believe that a quantitative research can be a combination where qualitative data is a part of the research (perhaps in a pre study).

Theme #5

Jakob Florell
http://dm2572-jakob.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-5-design-research.html
I agree with you that a prototype is of high necessity during a research when it comes to the realization of a concept. I somewhat came to the same conclusion on my blog post, stating that the whole concept may fall short of a prototype that doesn't grasp the main ideas covered by the concept. It's very important in my opinion.

Oscar Friberg
http://ofri-teoriochmetod.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-5-design-research.html
I somewhat agree with you Carl and Gustav. But I find the article a bit too fuzzy since I got the feeling of their concept but not to which degree this is achievable. What got me thinking are that the level of simplicity to the programming is also what puts a halt to how advanced the robot can be.

If something advanced should be expressed by the robot, the input from the user who should program it can't be to simple, how else is the code of this "advanced" gesture of the robot arm be executed? (just an example). I don't really get how It can be applied in practice.

Martin Johansson
http://dm2572-martin.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-5-design-research.html
I'm with Carl on this one. I have nothing against what you wrote Martin, I just don't understand the concept on a broader scale. I mean, today we have a lot of "sensors" which can activate on some kind of input. It could the proximity of two different object (i.e. distance), maybe a treshhold of some sort etc. This is basically what the authors propose when they descibe their "vision" of simplified programming. By putting on different kinds of garment on the dinosaur it reacts. The garment triggers something. But I wouldn't really cal that "programming".

Do you guys understand what I'm getting at? I don't see the concept as programming. Rather a more specific application with already existing technology.

Malin Westerlind
http://malwes.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-5-design-research.html
I liked how you chose to take up the fact that a prototype can't be "too good". I haven't really reflected on this myself but it makes perfect sense to not make a perfect prototype since it makes the end customer believe that no further development needs to be done. This could be devastating to a project. I mean, the prototype could potentially give a good idea of how the design representation of a product is, but maybe not that much on the underlying architecture. In this case it would be bad if the customer don't see that you need that much more time to finish your product.

Isabella Arningsmark
http://dm2572isabella.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-5-design-research-post.html
Even though I weren't part of the discussions you had on the use of prototypes I really agree that prototypes can give you false hopes in the sense that they can (for example), if done well, give the impression that your project as a whole is almost done and your client gets annoyed that you need more. I mean, you prototype looks like the product we wanted! Why shouldn't it? In that case your prototype can show the design process, but what about the things that aren't really visible? Like the code that runs the robot (just to give an example), that could need more work.

On the other hand, if you present a prototype for a client to early in the process he/she might get the impression that you're not delivering what's expected. Or that the feedback you get on the design is also what the client believes about the other aspects of the product might be in quality (if you get negative feedback, he/she might think that your implementation is just as bad etc).

It is truly a "fine line".

Theme #6
Edvard Ahlsén
http://edvardtmm13.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-6-post-reflection.html
I too believe that you have gotten better in being more objective in you critique since I've read earlier reflections from you. Great job! I also enjoy your small rants on academic papers not contributing to the field, we need more of those critiques ;) But to add a comment on this, In some cases it might as well be the results of a research. The hope is of course to contribute to the research in a specific area by asking different questions and changing the methodology perhaps. And you could end up stating: "well this didn't help". But nonetheless it is research which show another way which yields the same result.

Of course you can argue in this case that the way they were carrying out the research can't yield different results because the method is too similar. But in that case, you have another source which can confirm the previous research on the same topic.

Carl Ahrsjö
http://ahrsjo-tmm13.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-6-reflection.html
I like the idea of having a focus group before you clearly define your hypothesis (i.e. for a bachelor thesis). You could probably see it as a pre-study to see if you "pre-hypothesis" might be good to use or not. Personally I interviewed people with knowledge in the field as a pre-study, but in retrospect I believe that a focus group where you invite several people and discuss can be quite effective too.

Of course there are pros and cons in choosing either method and I think it depends on which type of study you do. If the questions is based on personal experience and highly subjective to ones own personal opinion I believe interviews to be better since the individual don't have to feel judged.

Gustav Boström
http://dm2572-teorimetod.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-6-qualitative-and-case-study.html
I agree with you that using the first four participants in the interviews as a part of the end result is falsely done. As we discussed at the seminar they should be considered to be pilot-testers for the type of questions which should be posed.

Do you have any thoughts on how the answers of the first four can make the end results skewed? Where the questions they ended up using for the rest of the participants very different?

Jakob Florell
http://dm2572-jakob.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-6-qualitative-and-case-study.html
I think interviews is a great method to use in qualitative studies since you get to connect with the people you talk with on a more in-depth level. I too have experience from semi-structured interviews from my bachelor's thesis, although we only had 5 participants. So I greatly respect their efforts in getting 35 people to partake in their interviews. The transcribing part of the research must've been a nightmare...

Your paper is a perfect example of why a pilot study is good practice when conducting a qualitative research. If you lack in this area the results can, in worst case, be useless, just consider a badly formulated question which could result in inconclusive answers.

Ragnar Schön
http://theoryandmethodformediatechnology.blogspot.se/2013/12/theme-6-qualitative-and-case-study.html
You say that "Focus groups are more time-effective than solo interviews and promote a discussion" and I agree that the promote a discussion better than an interview which can be quite unpleasant way of talking for some people. But is this always the case? An interview can be tedious in a research. If you interview a person for one hour and then later on transcribe it for 2 hours. That is 3 hours per person interviewed. In a setting where you instead choose to have a free discussion in the form of a focus group you might have it for 1hour too. I guess the transcription is more time demanding but on the totalt It might require less time and can yield good results too.


My answers to comments left on my blog
Theme #2 - Pre-reflections
Hi!
Just like you, I also didn't really have any ideas of how myth could be related to enlightenment before this course, and so found this particular topic especially interesting. One thing I would like to ask though is how you stated that "if we can't conceive the underlying concepts of things, it may as well be mythical".
You remember how we read from the first theme about the concept of knowledge and our attempt to define it? I just had a quick thought whether knowledge could partly be described as mythical, also considering the concept of "sense-data". Our "real" world may not be real but the way we think it is might be just supernatural compared to the "real reality"... hmm. Do I make sense? :)

  • Cederman22 november 2013 05:07
    I get your point, and I don't really have an answer really. Just my specualtion/opinion ;) I believe when you dig "this" deep down all the concepts become even blurrier than before and there is more of a philosophical chain of thought when reflecting on these matters. I believe that even though the reality you perceive is based on false assumptions about the "real facts" or "true knowledge", it will ultimately still be "your reality". Much like the world of someone who is "crazy".
    Radera

Theme #3 - Research and theory
  • Filip Erlandsson24 november 2013 02:59
    The subject of the paper seems very interesting in my opinion. Something that springs to mind is a blog post by Laila Bagge, who i think said that homeless people can't have a mobile phone because they shouldn't afford it. This opinion seems to me to lie in line with the hypothesis of this paper. We make weird assumptions of the homeless that isn't true. As you say, we might think that the driving factor for homeless is food and shelter in order to survive, but having the possibility to contact family, relatives or friends might be just as important.
    SvaraRadera
    Svar

    • Cederman25 november 2013 09:26
      Thanks for your reply. Your comment about Laila is also in my opinion in line with what the author of my selected paper gave the impression of. I guess the intuitive thought is that poor people (the case with most homeless people one can argue) can't afford modern gadgets like smartphones. But that statement is fairly vague since it is just wrong when you actually observe the reality around us.
      Radera


    • Svara

  • Carl Ahrsjö25 november 2013 02:49
    I mostly agree with your explanation of what theory is, although in my opinion I would emphasize that a theory should answer the question "why?" primarily rather than "how?". It has to provide a logical ground for future argument and therefore express something about the reasons behind the statements. However we seem to share the opinion that theory has to contain some sense of interconnectedness.
    SvaraRadera
    Svar

    • Cederman25 november 2013 09:33
      I'm not sure I get your argument. I believe that by questioning things with the mindset of asking "how is this working?" or "how can I explain this?" we develop a set of rules of conditions for which the theory is based on.

      But then again to answer somethings existence of behaviour in our world I guess we need to be able to both answer to the how? and the why? to give "a logical ground for future argument".
      Radera

Theme #3 - Post-reflections
Research take a lot of time I've discovered! Either the research is quantitative, involving many subjects and therefore takes a lot time, or it is qualitative, often takes several hours transcribing and categorizing the data. Then you have the whole publishing-circus with peer reviews etc. -Research is not for the busy ones!

  • Cederman19 december 2013 08:21
    I agree with you that research takes time. And I believe that is the case for any problem solving in general, some problems just take more time than others since it covers a greater scope. :)
    Radera

Theme #4: Quantitative research
I think it's interesting to see all the different quantitative methods that have been used in everybodys paper. The most common is of course online surveys which is easy to use. So i think your paper had an interesting way of collecting quantitative data, using search results from Google and analyzing that. This quantitative method feels very specific for the research question or the area of research that is being made in your paper. In contrast an online survey can be used for almost any research subject. At least that's the feeling i have, i don't know if you agree with me?

  • Cederman1 december 2013 23:16
    Hello Filip, Yeah, I totally agree with you. And that is naturally the case with my paper. I don't really see any other way to go about this kind of research without having the aid of some type of algorithm. Although it would be nice with the addition of maybe a survey in the beginning of the research process to check what types of clustering people believe that the results might give?
    Radera

Theme #4 - post-reflections
Interesting study you got to discuss. I also agree that it's pretty weird that the participants weren't able to keep focus for 15 minutes. But don't you think that's why they used their friends as observers? To make it less formal and more like a regular study session? Because I think it's a huge difference if you're being observed by a total stranger, judging your every move, or just your friend sitting beside you as usual.

Also, how old were the ones in this study and where was it performed?

  • Cederman9 december 2013 00:18
    Yes, we discussed that as well during the seminar. We came to the conclusion that there drawbacks choosing either option, that is: 1) Have someone you know observe you, 2) Have someone you don't know. The benefit of having someone you know to observe your behavior is good since you probably feel more at ease having that person behind you. This would also probably result in acting as you please, not feeling guilty of "not" studying during that 15 min session. So the results are accurate in that sense. The drawback is that you friend is actually an distraction because you maybe feel inclined to engage in some conversation with him/her during that period of time. On the other hand, the benefit of having some outsider to observe you might yield "better" result (i.e. you keep you concentration), but then again, what does this say about your results? They were better, but is this a valid result for "you"? If you would be alone, maybe you actually wouldn't be able to study for that long... It all depends.
    Radera

Theme #5 - pre-reflections
  • Jenny Sillén6 december 2013 11:40
    Hej Mårten!

    I think that Fernaeus et al would like to offer another way of "programming" the robots, something for non-technology nerds. I would enjoy having mood-stickers on my vacuum cleaning robot (if I had one) and watch it tackle my dust-bunnies with different character. Then maybe I could match my own mood at the moment and we could be angry or happy together. That could make cleaning fun, for a change. :-)
    SvaraRadera
    Svar

  • Gustav Boström9 december 2013 10:49
    I agree with your comment about limitations of prototypes "Very often the prototype is far from the finished product in many aspects." I think that this might give misleading feedback from test-users if the prototype lack complete features, in some cases. Maybe not very misleading but may differ a lot from a later high fidelity prototype. But I still believe that prototype testing is of strong value even though if you only got a low fidelity prototype. A small picture or a hunch of the prototype use, I believe give a better foundation for development and error findings compared to other evaluation methods excluding test-users. Do you agree?
    SvaraRadera
    Svar

    • Cederman10 december 2013 04:29
      I agree. I do believe it do some kind of catch 22 since your prototype can be low fidelity, but not "too low" in the sense that it turns the end user away from believing in the final product. It is a fine balance indeed!
      Radera

Theme #6 - post-reflections
Hello Mårten! Well written above, of your writing was it particularly one meaning I enjoyed extra:

"From this paper I learned that both qualitative and quantitative research can in some cases be necessary to use in a combination to yield the most optimal result."

I absolutely agree with you, and only have a follow up question. You say that a combination of the two methods can be used to yield the most optimal results in some cases. In your opinion, isn't that always the case? Can't it always be better to conduct both methods when writing a paper?

  • Cederman19 december 2013 08:16
    Good question, and I think you touch upon what Katerina in our group was talking about in my post-reflection (on the same theme) that you don't necessarily get all the benefits of using a combination of several types of methods, but you might just end up with their draw backs too. I do agree with that. I guess a combo suits some research better than others, right?
    Radera

Theme #6 - post-reflections
Hej Mårten!

I like the way you discuss about the trend in researches to combine qualitative and quantitative methodologies. As you say, research papers are not black or white. I also discussed (in previous blog posts), that choosing the methodology used in a paper depends on the research question and the aims of the research. All methodologies have both benefits and limitations. But as peer of us noted, combining methodologies doesn't only mean getting the benefits of the methodologies used; we should take into consideration of their limitations. Do you agree with that?

  • Cederman19 december 2013 08:13
    Hello Katerina!
    I totally agree with you, just as we both think, it all depends on what type of research is being done to weigh our options on which type of method to conduct. I guess for a "combo" of methods to be used one needs to think it trough thoroughly to get the most out of it.
    Radera

måndag 16 december 2013

Theme #6 - post-reflections

Last week I picked a paper on crowd-funded journalism and what the types of articles wound up getting funding from its readers on the crowd-funded website spot.us. It turned out that articles in the area of public health and local city infra structure are most prone to getting funding. Today I attended the seminar on Quantitative research where we started off by discussing our selected papers. The students in my group agreed with me that the research the authors had conducted was indeed a qualitative research. Although they didn't think the method where they (in this case) had four participants who rated the journalists trustworthiness was that common.

During the seminar I also expressed my thoughts about researches in general tend to include both qualitative and quantitative methods since both methods can contribute positively. Most of the students in at the seminar agreed with me on that point. This makes me feel somewhat more confident that research papers aren't always that "black and white", what type of methods that are used in a specific paper depends highly on what questions you want to answer. In some smaller studies it can suffice to use only quantitative methods since the scope of the research is smaller. In a bigger more extensive research one might need to use several methods and combine them to achieve the best results (or at least "hoped" for results).

At the seminar we also talked a bit about what specific methods and their respective advantages and disadvantages. I think this part of the seminar was especially rewarding since I heard about a new type of qualitative methods: Narrative inquiries. One of the papers we ended up discussing more in-depth about was the paper Aikaterini had chosen where they looked at how women who had suffered from breast cancer had dealt with their decease, and more specifically how they used the internet to search for answers concerning their condition. The way they conducted the research was to make their 35 participants write down their experience post cancer (i.e. after they had undergone treatment successfully). So they basically answered questions regarding information seeking during their time of illness, with the opportunity to go more in-depth in describing their life at the time. This is what the method narrative inquiries is all about.
I believe this type of method is very effectful when you have "relatively" few participants in a study and you want to understand a situation with great detail. In this case with the women who suffered from breast cancer, you're able to get a really good look into a persons habits and feelings and you can then draw conclusions more easily since the possible "trends" between the participants are somewhat more clear (in my opinion). One of the disadvantages of using this method though is that the possibility of the feedback you get from an individual is highly specific to his/hers experience from a given event. In some cases when conducting this type of research you might find yourself with results where an individuals data can be hard to interpret and put into context (i.e. find some common patterns etc).

All in all, I think this seminar helped me to get a better grip on more unusual methods which can be used in conjunction with more traditional methods to achieve results with a greater depth.

fredag 13 december 2013

Theme #6 - pre-reflections

Qualitative research paper
For my qualitative research paper I have chosen a paper from the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication with an impact factor of 1.778 as of writing. The paper I have chosen is Crowd-Funded Journalism.

The main goals of the research in this paper is to dig in a little deeper into this novel business model. For those who don't really know what the concept of crowd-funding is all about, it's basically means that the individual who produces the content (i.e. the journalist) get the income from micro-payments done by the consumers (the crowd). This can also mean that the site running the website can have a business model based on micro-payments from a lot of users who are willing to support the site.

In this specific research the authors try to find out for which type of articles the consumers are willing to make a payment. They concluded that the type of articles that are most likely to make the consumer want to support the site are in the areas of daily living like: public health, local city infra structure. Articles that didn't make the consumers want to pay for their content are articles that are about political and cultural diversity (just to give a few examples).

The methods used in this paper which (in my opinion) helps the authors answer to the typical how? and why? aspects that are especially essential for a qualitative research are:

1. Analysis - In this research the website Spot.us was the subject of research. To give a good view on what makes a reader want to support the site the studied if and how the experience of the journalist affected their decision in paying for an article. Therefore, they got a group of four people together who scaled the journalists qualifications on a scale of 1-10. This was quite extensive but helped them get a really qualitative view on the journalists (based on number of years working, awards etc). So essentially the trustworthiness of a journalist was measured.

The benefit of using this type of method is that the subjective feeling of how trustworthy a journalist is measured. This is good in my opinion since the "gut feeling" so to say is what makes you want to support a journalist or not. The downside could be that the "general" representations of the group of four is skewed and not representative to a "real world" application.

2. Coding - To interpret this data they used an algorithm to see the correlations between the journalists.
In this case they used a well known algoritm based on Cohen's Kappa to check for inter-relations. In other cases this result could be dead wrong if the authors should decide to make their own algoritm. With a well known method, the likelihood of the method giving accurate result is higher.

From this paper I learned that both qualitative and quantitative research can in some cases be necessary to use in a combination to yield the most optimal result. There were a lot of data being processed in this research when it came to the numbers of "pitches" to fund an articles (over 200). But the qualitative part was done on the analysis of this data (the group of four and the algorithm).

Paper based on a case study research
The case study research I chose is The Presence of Hyperlinks on Social Network Sites: A Case Study of Cyworld in Korea which is from the same journal as the previous paper. To start off I would say that a case study is a research that is somewhat exploratory with the aims of being descriptive and to cover a specific "real world" problem and/or event (one single setting). You could say that a study which aims to explain concepts and events, in a more holistic approach.

This paper is to find out to what extent hyperlinks appear in the user-submitted comments on the Korean social network Cyworld.

The authors give a clear view with how the research have been conducted. They do for example clearly state that to what extend the study has been performed: 130 Korean members (whose profile were inspected), time span (April 08' --> June 09'), java based eResearch tool for sample collection etc. On just one page the whole method is clearly understandable. This specific case is also not theoretical in the sense that they speculate, they actually gathered 153,602 comments with actual, real data. Since they also developed their own tools for the study to analyze the data there is also (in my opinion) good reasons to believe the results of the findings in this paper. Further on they explain how they've analyzed the data and what conclusions were drawn, which ties in the whole technical part quite nice. I mean, if you just state that you have bunch of data it doesn't necessarily mean that you will achieve result. By stating how you analyze you inform me as a reader that the data is usable.

I believe that the paper stood well against the Process of building theory from case study research by Eisenhardt  and answered them pleasingly.

References
Jian, L. and Usher, N. (2013), Crowd-Funded Journalism. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12051
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcc4.12051/abstract

Sams, S. and Park, H. W. (2013), The Presence of Hyperlinks on Social Network Sites: A Case Study of Cyworld in Korea. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12053
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcc4.12051/abstract

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study ResearchAcademy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.

onsdag 11 december 2013

Theme #5 - post-reflections

Today I attended the lecture with Ylva Fernaeus. I think the lecture somewhat summed up the basic ideas of the concept that I read about in her (and her authors') paper. I can now in retrospect say that I still think the concept is somewhat "fuzzy". I think the problem lies with the fact that they use the word "programming" in context where I think it doesn't really make sense for me.

What I mean by this is that the products that were developed/modified during this research are not really "programmed" in the sense that the end user modify some sort of code. Instead the user can for example with the dinosaur, put on clothes, which in this case makes the dinosaur (or robot essentially) behave differently.

As I stated in my previous post I find this type of "programming" to be more of a modular interaction based on predefined actions. I say predefined because the robot is only modular to the extent to which the developer of the actual code have implemented the possible actions to be executed by the robot. I guess if I would try to see the underlying purpose for this concept, I imagine toys being more educational for children and let them think more about underlying features of the robot. This could in turn lead to children engage in more advanced technology at a younger age and make them aware of how things actually work "behind the scenes".


fredag 6 december 2013

Theme #5 - Pre-reflections

Comics, Robots, Fashion and Programming: outlining the concept of actDresses
One of the main point that is being carried throughout this paper is the tendency for electronic gadgets in general to be somewhat ”customized” to the individual user of that product. For example stickers is put on our laptops, we buy cases for our iPhones in various colors. We don’t want the technology to feel like ”technology”, more like an extension of ones personality. It enhances us in someway. That is, at least, my interpretation. Further on, Fernaeus et al. argues that [”…it is relevant to explore new and user-friendly ways for these to be controlled by physical means.”]. ”These” being the our products/gadgets.

With this being said, we are introduced to the concept of ”Physical programming” which is not really that much about programming in the classical sense that you actually write code, but rather how you can go about interacting with technology. And to be more specific: Robots. So it is more about controlling/programming the way we are able to interact with this Robot. For example the play set with ”Lego Mindstorm” consist of modular skeleton with which you can build you own robot. The user is then able to modify the interaction based on a quite simple schema. Heck, how else are you supposed to appeal to the low target group that are ”sub” 10yr olds?

Inspiration today, according to Fernaeus et al, partly comes from good ol’ comics and fashion where fashion today can be seen as a mix of both textile and digital gadgetry embedded (envision: Cardigan-based christmastree with blinking lights). The idea, in my opinion isn’t that far fetched since wearable electronics (smart watches etc) is all the rage today.

What I will remember from this paper is that electronic gadgets in general, and robots in particular is heading towards change. A change from being tradition electronics, with no end-user in mind, to rather something special. Something you can really play with, interact with and communicate with (in some sense). My question is: Since the authors clearly don’t see the traditional programming part as the main focus with these robots, what are the drawbacks to that? Is there a limit to how advanced a robot can be if it based on a more ”semantic” way of programming?

Paper by H. Li et al
After reading Haibos paper I felt that it was perfectly fitting to answer the following two questions.

Why could it be necessary to develop a proof of concept prototype?
Not all research in the domain of HCI requires some prototype to be developed, even fewer probably need a proof of concept prototype. In this case though I can really vouch for the necessity if a more high-level prototype to be developed since the whole paper is based on the quite trivial question (although not specifically stated): Is this kind of concept something that is of value for an end user? I mean, the whole paper is based on the assumption that this would be kind of neat feature to have on your phone. Therefore, it is relevant to develop this proof of concept prototype to actually be able to evaluate and answer the underlying thesis.

Without a prototype that actually implement these vibrations it will be really hard to know how it actually feels. If someone would explain the concepts of the idea, I might get interested and think that it would be an nice addition. But the real deal, could have the opposite effect, I might not like to have my phone constantly vibrating. There is a fine line to it. This is also stated by H. Li et al: "The vibration on the hand should be carefully dealt with and long durations might make users irritated".

What are characteristics and limitations of prototypes?
The characteristics of a prototype depends highly on what type of prototype you develop of course. If you want to design a phone with the main focus being a product that fits perfect in your hand, it needs to have it's main focus on the form factor, naturally. If we have the case with the vibrating phone to give feedback on an ongoing football game, design is of low priority. So the characteristics of a prototype, generally speaking would be that it should try to communicate the main concept to the end user. Be it functionality, design or other features. In some cases a low-level prototype is suitable, in some, it might not suffice.

The limitations of a prototype is that "it's just a prototype". Very often the prototype is far from the finished product in many aspects. Therefore, one of the limitations is that it can be hard to evaluate since the "whole package" isn't there yet. One aspect of the prototype might be appealing to the end user, but it could as well fall short on the features that the prototype lack.


References:
Fernaeus, Y. & Jacobsson, M. (2009). Comics, Robots, Fashion and Programming: outlining the concept of actDresses. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tangible and Embedded Interaction. New York: ACM. 

Réhman, S., Sun, J., Liu, L., & Li, H. (2008). Turn Your Mobile Into the Ball: Rendering Live Football Game Using Vibration. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 10(6), 1022-1033.

tisdag 3 december 2013

Theme #4 - Post-reflections

Yesterday (monday) I participated in the seminar where we were supposed to further reflect and discuss the different papers we had chosen for the seminar. We ended up talking more about (in my case) Jennys' paper. Her paper were a special case of a quantitative study since it main method was an observation based method. The research was to find possible correlations between students grades and how this could affect their grades. 263 people participated in the study and were recruited as an "observator", they did then in turn recruit 1-3 friends who was the subject of observation. Each student were then informed that they should study as the normally do, with the exception that they were observed by their friend, nothing more.

What the observer then did during this 15 minute observation was to check if they could keep their focus in their task (i.e. to study) during this time, or if he/she actually did something else. Examples where students didn't keep their concentration on their main task was when the changed window on their computer (where they studied) to check their Facebook and/or do something else which wasn't related to their main task. Other students could for example check their phone for messages etc.

When one of these "interruptions" took place, the observer took note of this and this was then collected as data for the research as a whole. In the end, they matched all the grades for that students to see if there was a correlation between the tendency of not studying (i.e. doing something else) and if this was reflected in a lower grade, compared to students who actually could focus the whole time.

I think this research was quite entertaining to hear about and the findings (not surprisingly) showed that students who weren't able to focus the whole 15 minutes actually had lower grades in general. The funny thing is, which also was reflected upon by us during the seminar, was that, even though the students who studied knew that they were observed during their "study session" still chose not to keep it together for that seemingly short period of time. One could think that you would want to make a better impression when someone's actually watching you study, but no.

tisdag 26 november 2013

Theme #4: Quantitative research

My selected paper

As for the last seminar I chose the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (Impact factor of 1.778) since I found it to highly appropriate for Media Technology with it's in-depth analysis of modern communication mediums like social media and the likes. For this theme though I wanted a more quantitative research paper since the last one about the use of internet and social media in homeless youth doesn't seem to fit that nice. However, I found (in the same journal) a paper about Channeling Science Information Seekers' Attention? A Content Analysis of Top-Ranked vs. Lower-Ranked Sites in Google.

In this research, the authors wanted to analyze the search results in google when searching for "nanotechnology" and if these top results vs. the lower-ranking results differed in terms of "theme". In this paper they concluded that top-ranked results tended to show the technical-, environmental-, and risk-related aspects of nanotechnology whereas lower-ranked results feature totally different themes on the same subject.


Which quantitative method or methods are used in the paper? Which are the benefits and limitations of using these methods?
By sampling search results (links to web pages)  for a total of 60 weeks, ultimately resulting in 9,120 parent links and 224,987 child links. The methods used to quantify their data was a self-developed program that basically gathered the URL, the domain adress, date of retrieval which automatically entered into an Excel spreadsheet. In the spreadsheet the results was sorted according to the sequence of appearance in the search results on Google. From this point, their program then mined the first ten results and further analysed the actual site and captured its profile (theme) and the contents of all the hyperlinks that were associated with that specific page (the child links).

In the end, the content from the body tags of a page was extracted of keywords based on 10 categories covering the different aspects of nanotechnology. This way, it was easy to determine the theme of a specific page.

The benefits of using this type of analysis is that the results is quite accurate. You can take a bunch of sites and perform a keyword-aided search on each of these websites content and quite easily get the most prominent theme (based on predefined categories). Therefore this method yields good results on these types of analyses.

One of the limitations of this method is that the categories was predefined, based on assumptions of what themes that are prevalent in this field. For a more generic application, the categories can't be "hardcoded".

What did you learn about quantitative methods from reading the paper?
In this specific paper I learned about one of many ways of analysis big amounts of data and how to do this quite effectively. The method used in this research, I think, is highly specific for this application. In another setting where the results is not from a specific field of research, maybe the data that is to be analyzed is harder to predict, ultimately making it hard to use and draw conclusions from.

Which are the main methodological problems of the study? How could the use of the quantitative method or methods have been improved?
One of the main problems in this study is the actual implementation of the computer-assisted sampling. The authors clearly stated that, although the sampling worked well in the end, they had a lot of bugs that they had to fix during the data gathering-process. One of the bugs was so severe that they actually lost 2 whole months of data. That is really bad. For this method to be preferable (even if I really don't see an alternative to computer-assisted sampling with this massive amount of links to scan) it has to well implemented and tested before an actual study can take place.

They also stated that their software would need to be independent of which search engine is being used since much more conclusions can be drawn if compared to other search engines result of the same topic is to be done.

Paper by Olle Bälter and colleagues

This paper is about how to potentially reduce Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI). The research is based on the fact that this is case for the main part of why people seek primary care in many countries, and therefore, a need for this type of study is highly relevant (in opinion). The research were performed by investigating the relationship between physical activity level, perceived stress and cases of self-reported URTI. 1509 people (men and women) participated in this study, a web questionnaire was also carried out.

Which are the benefits and limitations of using quantitative methods?

In my opinion, the main benefit of using this type of method (population-based) you can quite easily get a good sample of the population without having to assess "that many" people in the study. In this research a total of 1509 people were participating, aged 20-60 yr (men and women). The limitations of using a population-based study is that it may not be appropriate for certain types of research where the population mean is actually skewed compared to the mean of a specific group of people (maybe more relevant to the research).Which are the benefits and limitations of using qualitative methods?

By using a qualitative research it is easier to get a more in-depth look and the spectrum of data that can be gathered is much more diverse. The limitations of a qualitative method is that it is hard to do with a lot of data/participants since it would be too time consuming and/or pricy. In many cases, practically impossible if you would like to do 1hr interviews with each participant.

References:
  1. Fondell, E., Lagerros, Y. T., Sundberg, C. J., Lekander, M., Bälter, O., Rothman, K., & Bälter, K. (2010). Physical activity, stress, and self-reported upper respiratory tract infectionMed Sci Sports Exerc, 43(2), 272-279.
  2. Li, N., Anderson, A. A., Brossard, D. and Scheufele, D. A. (2013), Channeling Science Information Seekers' Attention? A Content Analysis of Top-Ranked vs. Lower-Ranked Sites in Google. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12043

måndag 25 november 2013

Theme #3 - Post-reflections

Today I got the chance to elaborate on my chosen paper from the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. We came to the conclusion that my paper was the most interesting and I still believe the subject of internet and social media use among youth is both modern and interesting to talk about. The study was done in 2009 and a lot have happened on both these plattforms in just three years, I imagine that the results of a possible research done now would yield quite interesting figures and it would be nice to compare them both.

During my seminar session we continued on trying to be critical about the research that had been done. We (me and the two people discussing my paper) believed that, for this research to be more accurate, it had to be done in a different way. In the paper they stated that 194 people voluntarily participated in the study and each and everyone of these people were interviewed in order for them to gather all the answers they needed. The also said that these sessions took roughly about an hour, that is a lot of time. Disregarding the amount of time needed to carry out this study we contemplated about different ways of gathering the data. One way which the paper stated would be a lot more effective is if each participant would get a notebook/diary of some sort to actually jot down when they are using social media and/or use internet in some way. This would, in our opinion, dramatically increase the accuracy of the data since one could argue that trying to remember when, how, and for how long you're using these mediums is quite hard to estimate time-wise.

To further analyze the need for a different way of gathering data for the study we found quite interesting numbers when it comes to different habits online. These were some of the data gathered (note: more than one answer could be given, hence the percentage):

  • ~ 64% checked their e-mail
  • ~ 57% Checked Facebook
  • ~ 27% Youtube-watching etc
  • ~ 27% Checked for jobs
  • ~ 13% Looked for housing
One thing that we did note was that it seemed quite rare to actually look for a job and find a house to live in. Instead you use these medium to either communicate with others or to amuse yourself. These could, in fact be the case amongst this group people. But keep in mind that it can also be the result of poorly remembered habits of said group. Maybe the only remembered checking their email and using Facebook since that could be considered a more pleasing experience than looking for a job. This could affect the data gathered in the end. 

That being said, these were just some of the concerns we raised about the article, but then again, this particular study is fairly new (if we are to believe the authors) so further studies on the subject has to continue on the work. There is room for improvement.

All in all I think the seminar helped me to further develop my critical thinking when reading academic papers, which is nice!

torsdag 21 november 2013

Theme #3 - Research and theory

Journal findings and critical examination
Selected research journal: Journal of Communication (International Communication Association)
Impact factor: 2.011 (ISSN: 1460-2466)

This journal covers the aspects of communication theory, culture and critique as well as computer-mediated communication (HCI). Just to give an example on what type of articles this journal covers:

In regards to a specific paper I found this great article from Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (Impact factor 1.778) about Internet and Social Media Use as a Resource Among Homeless Youth (Published 9th of October 2013). The main purpose of this paper is to shed light on the use of social media in homeless youth. The papers findings is essentially that the use of internet and social media in homeless youth is widely used by the homeless youths in the United States. This stands in contrast to the posed hypothesis, stating that "The relative lack of resources facing homeless youth might suggest that homeless youth would have low levels of internet use". 

Although this statement is somewhat acceptable to me as grounds for this paper if find It quite vague since the assumption is that "lack of resources" in homeless youth means "low levels of Internet use". I don't really see the connection since there is always a driving factor in homeless people, be it to get food and shelter, but it might as well be to have a functioning phone so you can communicate with your loved ones. You can't deny the possibility of this being a very high priority. You can't underestimate the potential desperation in homeless people when it comes to "get what you need". 

Despite this, I still find the authors arguments to align with the research and since there aren't that many papers on the subject (as stated by the authors), they are kind of breaking new grounds here. The data supporting their findings are carried out in a pleasing manner and gives, for example, a clear view of the demographic which accounts for the data of internet use among the homeless. Even if the data seems to be valid, the amount of homeless people questioned to give life to this paper aren't really that many, which gives the result some factor of uncertainty.

Questions regarding theory
  1. Briefly explain to a first year student what theory is, and what theory is not.
Well, according to Gregor, theory is basically how something should be done in practice. When it comes to physical theory it might suggest how we can explain, and maybe later on, view our world. For example the theories of laws that our planet abides by can help us get a deeper understanding of the world we live in. Theory can also be seen as a statement that can be proven right or wrong, it can be tested. So in summary, information is what theory is based on and for a theory to actually be a theory it has to propose something about the connections and relations about things in our universe.
  1. Describe the major theory or theories that are used in your selected paper. Which theory type (see Table 2 in Gregor) can the theory or theories be characterized as?
In my selected paper about the use if internet and social media in homeless youth in the US I found that the research rarely extends beyond analysis and description. This doesn't really come as a surprise since the research on this specific topic in general is quite rare. In this case it is about mapping the behavior of a specific group of people and ultimately answering a question. Therefore the major type of theory in this paper is Analysis theory.  For it to be an Explanation theory which is not that far away, the paper needs to focus more on questions such as why and when. Something which isn't prevalent in this research.
  1. Which are the benefits and limitations of using the selected theory or theories?
I would say that there is a benefit in following the "guidelines" of a writing in a Analysis theory type of theme. The research is not really that advanced in terms of mathematical or physical equations and the findings aren't really that "speculative" in the sense that it has to be supported by heavy arguments. It is what is is. This means that the paper is easy to understand and quite light on its feet. The findings and information presented in the paper can be read without a very specific context to understood. The limitations though in having this type of theory is that it lacks further, more in-depth look at the underlying causes of it's findings. For example, why is this specific demographic more represented in the findings of internet and/or social media use? When did this shift happen? These questions aren't brought up in the paper and for it to be relevant, the type of theory being carried out has to be more of a Explanation or Explanation and prediction (EP) type of theme. But the paper would also as a result of that be more intense and maybe not so easy to follow without the right context. That is my opinion.

Theme #2 - Post-reflections

This week I was able to attend the seminar, which was great since it gave me some perspective on the text that I read by Horkheimer and Adorno. We first discussed in groups about what we thought was rememberable from the text and what caught our attention. Since I really like the part about mass culture as mass deception I reflected on this within my group. We came to realize that you can actually make many connotations to mass deception (in some way) when talking about the introduction of new mediums.

If we take the personal computer as a start. For example in the new movie "Jobs", essentially about Steve Jobs and how he came to introduce the first, modern, computer for the masses. You can actually see this as something that, at first, didn't really resonate with the market at the time. What do you really want a "Personal computer" for? Who should use it? There were no market and they essentially had to create it themselves, "this product is for You", by converting one person at a time to a customer of this PC, they actually introduced their commitment to this new medium, and in the long run, their dependance on this medium.

If you sell a PC to a person highly dependent on  economic calculations in his daily work, the computer can now do that with ease, instead of using pen and paper. By getting rid of the pen and paper way of working he/she is now dependent on someone else to do his/her work. This is also the reality today in an even more computer dependent society. If you don't have a computer you're part of a really small group who really can't communicate that good with the rest of the world. If you want to, you need to be a part of the group that owns a PC. The same thing can be said in more broad terms if you talk about the "connected" society of today. If you are not connected, you are probably in some way dependent on someone who is. An example was brought up in the seminar to give an example of this. For example old people who are more seldom connected than the younger generation, they are, for example more dependent on this generation to help them with banking tasks since these can often exclusively be made with an online connection.

To connect to mass deception, one can argue that the "deception" in this case is the fact that some big organ has decided that "this is the way we do things now, if you want to be a part of it, this is what you need to do". This can, in my opinion, be interpreted in a way that society did work before this new medium, but someone changed the rules and now demand us to by this product x to continue with this activity. So in a way the deception is to make us believe we really need to do this in order for our lives to work in perfect harmony, but in reality, it is just so that this "organ" can make more money off of us.

This is of course my personal reflection and certainly not the point of view for everyone. But I don believe that Horkheimer and Adorno somewhat gave the impression that mass deception is something to be seen as big player who can control the behavior and needs of the mass. If and how this is done is somewhat subjective to your opinions on said "big player".

fredag 15 november 2013

Theme #2 - Pre-reflections

Theme #2 pre-reflections


What is Enlightenment?
Enlightenment, broadly speaking, is a shift in human values. Before the enlightenment much of what was not known to man was often seen a mysterious and of certain power. With the enlightenment these mysterious and unknown things eventually became known, and with that, a growth in power from the people themselves arose.


Science had a great part in the enlightenment in the sense that we started to critically observe things in our universe, the unknown was now something unanswered, rather than mysterious. Or as ”the father of experimental philosophy” Bacon puts it: ”the mind, conquering superstition, is to rule over disenchanted nature”. Disenchanted meaning a world free of unsolvable matters (my interpretation).


What is the meaning and function of “myth” in Adorno and Horkheimer’s argument?
The concept of myth is used to show that, despite us not living in dark world where myths regulate our beliefs anymore, they still have similarities to our modern way of scientific thinking. Much like how myths were used as a framework for our beliefs, stating what is to believe and not, so does thoughts and beliefs based on science and enlightenment work too. We create our own system within the new laws of science, much like we based our laws on mythical beliefs and facts. So in some sense, the enlightenment originates from the myth, but based on other criteria.


The meaning of myth in this chapter is, in my opinion, to distinguish thoughts and beliefs enlightenment to make a greater distinction between the two ways we base our judgements on.


What are the “old” and “new” media that are discussed in the Dialectic of Enlightenment?
Adorno talks about culture industry being “graphically expressed” in radio and films. The old media would refer to the old way of spreading a message, the printed news being one of them. The “new” on the other hand would be both the radio and especially the tv since it hadn’t been around for that long at the time of writing. Adorno also say that these new ways of producing media is based on the ideology to “legitimize the trash” it ultimately want us to consume.


What is meant by “culture industry”?
Culture industry is what Adorno saw as the ”not so bright” future of the enlightenment. Culture is described as something infectious whose sole ideology is to legitimize trash that can generate revenue for the ”industry”. The industry refers to the illusion of a benevolent part of the society that make lives better for the people in general. In reality though, Adorno sees them as the ones with the raw power. Puppeteering the people, controlling their needs. There is a quote in this chapter that puts his thoughts quite concrete: ”Something is provided for everyone so that no one can escape”.


So, for me, Adorno sees the culture industry as mass deception, as a way to exploit the fact that we had an enlightenment. By knowing how people work in the most fundamental way, we can introduce the ”illusion” of free will, given the the ”will” is based on options solely provided by the industry. Even though we might not agree with the industry, we will ultimately comply with these conditions in lack of other choices.


What is the relationship between mass media and “mass deception”, according to Adorno and Horkheimer?
Since the mass media is so finely tuned to the receivers it leaves nothing more to want. It answers more questions than it gives. Leaving us questionless and indifferent to what we were recently exposed to. If we go to a movie in the cinema, we leave feeling contempt, rather that hungry for questions reaching far beyond the plot of the movie. This is somewhat a deception: us, thinking we have what we need. The result is that we only feel that we need is what is being delivered to us, which is Not, as it happens to be, chosen by us. To further underline the relationship between mass deception and mass media is a quote from the text: “...the power of the culture industry lies in its unity with fabricated need...” which basically incapsulate the idea Not to give its audience a wide spectrum of option, rather just a handful. This is, in my opinion, to deceive.


Please identify one or two concepts/terms that you find particularly interesting. Motivate your choice.

I found the concept of myth to be quite entertaining to read about. For me at least, I didn’t have the same connotation of what the relation between myth and enlightenment might be. In my world, myth was often thought to be something that was unnatural al belonged in storybooks, but I came to realize that myth, in this context is referred to as knowledge which is based on relations to which one yet don’t grasp. If we can’t conceive the underlying concept of things, it may as well be mythical in the way it works or functions. When we actually question and criticize somethings existence and learn about it, the myth evaporates and become real. The curtains arise and we have our enlightenment.